hi, Painful micturation in children are of many reasons. some are urinaray tract infection which is mostly due VUR(vesicouretral reflux) which might be primary VUR or Secondary VUR Primary VUR is due to Insufficient submucosal length of the ureter relative to its diameter causes inadequacy of the valvular mechanism. This is precipitated by a congenital defect/lack of longitudinal muscle of the intravesical ureter resulting in an ureterovesicular junction (UVJ) anomaly. In Secondary VUR , the valvular mechanism is intact and healthy to start with but becomes overwhelmed by raised vesicular pressures associated with obstruction, which distorts the ureterovesical junction. The obstructions may be anatomical or functional. Secondary VUR can be further divided into anatomical and functional groups as follows: Anatomical: Posterior urethral valves; urethral or meatal stenosis-- These causes are treated surgically when possible. Functional: Bladder instability, neurogenic bladder and non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder Urinary tract infections may cause reflux due to the elevated pressures associated with inflammation so, its better seek urologist and perform tests like urine RME, Ultrasound of abdomen pelvis. If surgery is indicated, its depens upon the type of surgery.