Atrophic rhinitis is a form of chronic rhinitis where the mucous membrane thins (atrophies) and hardens, causing the nasal passages to widen (dilate) and dry out. The disorder can develop in someone who had sinus surgery where a significant amount of intranasal structures and mucous membranes were removed. A prolonged bacterial infection of the lining of the nose is also a factor. Crusts form inside the nose, and an offensive odor develops. A person may have recurring severe nosebleeds and can lose his sense of smell (anosmia). Treatment is aimed at reducing the crusting, eliminating the odor, and reducing infections. Topical antibiotics, applied inside the nose, to kill bacteria. Estrogens and vitamins A and D sprayed into the nose or taken by mouth may reduce crusting by promoting mucosal secretions. Surgical therapies are done if not resolved with medical management.