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Arthroscopy is also known as key-hole joint surgery and is one of the latest and advanced treatment modalities to treat joint injuries. In this procedure, using fine telescopes, the inside of the joint is visualized and surgical procedures are carried out using specialized instruments. During this procedure, an orthopaedician examines and even repairs injured or diseased joint with the help of an optical instrument called an arthroscope in some cases

Cirrhosis of the liver is the structural and functional end result of nutritional, infective and toxic changes in the liver. The causes of cirrhosis may be viral infection like hepatitis, excessive alcohol intake with the diet being low in the number of nutrients and malnutrition aggravates any injury to the liver.

Spinal stenosis refers to the narrowing of the spinal canal anywhere along its axis. Although the disorder often results from acquired degenerative changes (spondylosis), spinal stenosis may also be congenital in nature. Stenosis of the central cervical and thoracic spine may result in myelopathy from cord compression. Lateral canal stenosis at any region of the spine may lead to nerve root compression. It is a condition in which the spinal canal narrows and compresses the spinal cord and nerves. This is usually due to the natural process of spinal degeneration that occurs with aging. Spinal stenosis can cause cramping, pain or numbness in legs, back, neck, shoulders or arms a loss of sensation in extremities and sometimes problems with bladder or bowel function. Spinal stenosis is most commonly caused by osteoarthritis related bone damages.

Ankylosing Spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that generally manifests in young ages. Disease generally involves the joints of the body especially the joints of vertebrae in spine, Sacroiliac joints (joint between pelvis and spine) and knee joints but the disease can involve other joints of the body along with some of the body organs.

Menstrual irregularity, amenorrhea, immature follicles, hormonal imbalance, an ovulation, increased hormones, weight gain, abnormal hair growth, impaired fertility, obesity, abortion, surgery, birth control pills, high blood pressure, fertility drugs.